Why is fascism so hard to define?įascism always takes on the individual characteristics of the country it is in, leading to very different regimes. Underlying this hierarchy is the idea that a person's rank in society is determined by aspects of identity that are beyond their control, such as ethnicity or gender, Burley explained. "The modern world is constructed under a mythology of human equality - even if equality is not reached, and even if the people involved have no intention of reaching it, it's still the underlying narrative in modern societies that human beings are equal," Burley told Live Science.įascism, however, promotes the concept of innate inequality and inescapable social hierarchies between groups, Burley said. On the other hand, fascists have favorited modernization "if the term means technological and economic advancement, military superiority, efficiency, and the glorification of speed and machines," Wright wrote in the essay " Reflections on Fascism (opens in new tab)," published on ResearchGate in 2020, which has not yet been peer-reviewed.įascism also reflects an intrinsic belief in human inequality, said journalist Shane Burley, author of " Why We Fight: Essays on Fascism, Resistance, and Surviving the Apocalypse (opens in new tab)" (AK Press, 2021) and " Fascism Today: What It Is and How to End It (opens in new tab)" (AK Press, 2017). Historically, fascists have opposed modernization "if that term means liberalism, democracy, Marxism, individualism, and feminism," Chris Wright, an adjunct assistant professor at City University of New York, said.
nationalism that seeks to expand the nation's influence and power.exclusion of certain groups, often through violence.
anti-socialism, rejecting economic principles based on socialist frameworks.anti-liberalism, rejecting individual rights, civil liberties, free enterprise and democracy.How is fascism defined? Robert Paxton, a professor emeritus of social science at Columbia University in New York told Live Science that fascism is "a form of political practice distinctive to the 20th century that arouses popular enthusiasm by sophisticated propaganda techniques."Īccording to Paxton, fascism uses such propaganda to promote: The word "fasces" means an ax tightly bound with sticks, an image that became a symbol of the fascist movement, according to the History Department at King's College (opens in new tab) in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. The word comes from the Italian "fascio," meaning a bundle or group, and is considered a term for a militant brotherhood. Mussolini coined the term "fascism" in 1919.
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